The conflict against German submarines started on the first day of the European war and only finished on its last day. It was mainly fought in the North Atlantic but spread much further afield. Winning the battle was the product of many factors: shipbuilding, science and technology, intelligence of many kinds and, above all, the resilience, skill and courage of many people at sea, in the air and on land. The Battle of the Atlantic did not win the Second World War but it prevented it being lost.

Jock Gardner served in the Royal Navy for thirty years. An anti-submarine warfare specialist, he served in many ships as well as on analysis and intelligence staffs. Publications include Decoding History: The Battle of the Atlantic and Ultra (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999).

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